The Role of Instruction in Second Language Acquisition Essay

The Role of Instruction in Second Language Acquisition - Essay Example The researches and scientific studies had probed dimensions of learning a second language and its effectiveness. It also has been an interesting field to explore for linguists. Many people contend with the stand that for the learning to be consummate, it had to be instructed the natural way; others dispute that the instruction of traditional methods in the classroom will provide a deeper understanding and comprehension of the language. The language that is the target to be learned is referred to as L2, and the acquisition; the second language acquisition is known as the L2A, or much better known as SLA. Formal instruction possesses a profound effect in the everyday endeavors of learners who are trying to gain fluency and mastery of a second language, so therefore, the rule of formal instruction in the process of learning a second language must be investigated and examined thoroughly. Moreover, it complements the best way to make instruction effective and helpful. Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate whether the ways of instruction alters the sequence of the learners’ acquisition, and also, whether the learners acquire the language in the way the naturalistic learners do. II. Instruction in Second Language Acquisition A. Theories About Second Language Acquisition One of the most emphasized concepts about second language learning is that some individuals are more inclined to learning a second language than other individuals. But there are factors to be considered before uttering such statements, such as age, motivation, ability, and socio-psychological factors.

Modern Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Modern Judaism - Essay Example Following the traditional Jewish rule, Orthodox Judaism requires men and women pray separately in their synagogues. Moreover, women cannot participate in certain rituals. Orthodox Judaism does not have any central authority. Synagogues are established by separate groups of Jews. As a result, every synagogue demonstrates the distinctive ideological aspects within Orthodox Judaism. In turn, â€Å"conservative Judaism fosters the practice of traditional Judaism while embracing modernity† (â€Å"Variants within Judaism†). It occupies a middle position between the two main types of Judaism. Its main feature is that it demonstrates loyalty to matters of faith, however, is conservative with respect to the principles of religious practice. The purpose of the study of sacred texts is to make Judaism more relevant in the modern society. Liberal Judaism also referred to as Progressive or Reform Judaism has its own peculiarities of the temple service. In particular, the English lan guage is used in worship, men and women are allowed to be in the same room in the synagogue. In addition, women may also be involved in all aspects of the temple

Nucleic acid hybridisation and Nucleic acid probes Essay

Nucleic acid hybridisation and Nucleic acid probes - Essay Example For instance, if a DNA strand with a desired nucleotide sequence is to be detected from a mixture of many other strands, an oligonucleotide containing a few complementary bases to the desired sequence can be prepared and attached to an anchor such as a membrane or a paper. When soaked in a solution having a mixture of many strands, the one, which is complementary to the oligonucleotide, will bind to it through complementary base pairing, also known as â€Å"zippering† (Lodish et al, 2004, p. 11). When double stranded DNA is heated in a dilute salt solution, its two strands separate because of the breakdown of complementary base pairing (melting). This strand separation is called denaturation. The temperature at which the two complementary strands separate is called the melting temperature ‘Tm’, and is affected by the percentage of G.C base pairs, ion concentration of the solution, presence of destabilising compounds like urea, and the pH of the solution (Lodish et al, 2004, p. 105). A particular fragment of DNA or RNA whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to a gene or nucleotide of interest is called a nucleic acid probe. A nucleic acid probe has to be designed in such a way that it hybridises through complementary base pairing to the target DNA or RNA that has to be detected. It should be long enough (about 20 nucleotide long) to pair exclusively to the target nucleotide sequence. Probes are labeled with radioactive tracers, histochemical compounds or fluorescent dyes to enable their detection from a heterogeneous mixture of nucleic acids (Nussbaum et al, 2004, p.41). For instance, 32P labeled probes are developed using polynucleotide kinase that transfers a

Modern Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Modern Judaism - Essay Example Following the traditional Jewish rule, Orthodox Judaism requires men and women pray separately in their synagogues. Moreover, women cannot participate in certain rituals. Orthodox Judaism does not have any central authority. Synagogues are established by separate groups of Jews. As a result, every synagogue demonstrates the distinctive ideological aspects within Orthodox Judaism. In turn, â€Å"conservative Judaism fosters the practice of traditional Judaism while embracing modernity† (â€Å"Variants within Judaism†). It occupies a middle position between the two main types of Judaism. Its main feature is that it demonstrates loyalty to matters of faith, however, is conservative with respect to the principles of religious practice. The purpose of the study of sacred texts is to make Judaism more relevant in the modern society. Liberal Judaism also referred to as Progressive or Reform Judaism has its own peculiarities of the temple service. In particular, the English lan guage is used in worship, men and women are allowed to be in the same room in the synagogue. In addition, women may also be involved in all aspects of the temple

Samsung Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung - Research Paper Example Samsung currently capitalizes on cheap technology to displace apple from the market. We witness the latest run ads of the Galaxy s II show Apple fans waiting in line in the cold while those for the perfectly content Galaxy S owners are living their lives freely. The ad further shows Gal Pals poking fun at fan boys who are waiting for a small-screened phone without 4G connectivity, while one dude gets a date by using Samsung’s Siri competitor, S-voice (Koekemoer, 2004). The current marketing strategy has made Samsung be the current king of the mobile holding majority of the market from the US throughout the whole world. The company has the technical knowhow of building the technology quickly and cheaply. They are also able to emulate the likeable competitor’s device given the top brains they possess. As a competitive edge Samsung uses product innovation as a strategy as another form of its latest marketing strategy. Its product range covered all the categories in the con sumer electronics and home appliances right from audio and video products, It products, mobile phones and home appliances (Koekemoer, 2004). Analysts felt that the wide product range of Samsung was one of main reasons for its success in the worldwide market. Samsung positioned itself on the technology platform through through advertising and sales promotion after they realized that in most of the world markets like India consumers were still not aware of them. Samsung latest marketing strategy being the use of K-pop Superstar as the face of their brand hence increased sales of the products. Body 2: Products and services that help the company be famous The products that have made Samsung become famous in the electronic industry range from mobile phones, televisions both audio and video, camera/cam recorder, home appliances and lastly we have the PC/Peripherals printers. The company keeps repositioning such products. The repositioning of these products take place in for of pricing aft er Samsung realized that they were always associated with bargains due to their extremely low prices (Koekemoer, 2004). They realized that the up market is associated with high price leaving the low prices for the low market. To Samsung higher price would bring more profit and at the same time it is the better imply of good quality. The strategy of reposition helps Samsung starting to build its noblest image. In its service provision, Samsung realizes the need for global competitiveness in the era of global competition and then argue that to remain relevant understanding of the clients is major through knowing who your customers are, what they need and the dynamism within them. In this way, the company is fully committed to understanding their customers throughout the world across all the functions of their products from development and production to the marketing and the after sales services. They also change their thinking and working procedures to serve the customers better throu gh innovative products and services such as the provision of the customer delight services, product quality and safety. Samsung provides these services through its numerous applications such video apps from Netflix, Vudu, or Hulu Plus, which are to be included on, network TVs.   However, the concept of other types of apps on our TV is still new and we may wonder why we would want applications on TVs.   Some of the applications are useful while others may be

The Late 19th Century and the Drive for Empire Essay Example for Free

The Late 19th Century and the Drive for Empire Essay 1. Effects of Industrialization on†¦ the economy The industrial revolution played a role in the emergence of the basic economic patterns that have characterized much of modern European economic life. Some historians characterize the period before 1895 and after 1873 as a great depression. Europeans experienced a series of economic crises during these years (Prices of agriculture produces fell). Slumps reduced profits in the business cycle. Although recession occurred at different times from 1895 to world war 2, Europe experienced an economic boom and got a prosperity level that encouraged people to look back at the era as la belle à ©poque (the golden age in civilization ) specific countries /zones Germany: replaced Great Britain as the industrial leader of Europe. Germany gained superiority in new areas of manufacturing (organic chemicals, electronic equipment). Britain had an established industrial plant and made it more difficult to shift to the new techniques of Industrial Revolution. The relationship between science and technology became closer. Germany was accustomed to change. European economic zones: Europe was divided into two economic zones. The growth led to new patterns for European agriculture that emerged. It included an abundance of grain and lower transportation costs caused the prices of farm commodities plummeting . Southern Italy, Austria-hungary ,Spain=little industrialized the urban environment Urban dwellers make up an increasing percentage of the European Population. There were 40% in Britain, 25% in France and Germany, 10% in Eastern Europe. Then after the industrial revolution, the population increased to 80% in Britain, 45% in F, 6% in germany, and 30% in Weastern Europe. There were also many inventions and innovations that occurred in this time period -Electricity- 1910. Hydro electric power stratons-coal fired steam plants. The electric railway was in 1879. Desire to own sewing machines, clocks,  type writers, etc. New consumer ethic. Mass marketing encourtages people to purchase new consumer goods. Introduction of chemical fertilizers. Workers were of people who abandoned farms because of hardships. Wanted cheaper labor. Ideologu of domesticity: Women should remain at home to bear and nuture children. This is said to keep the well being of familyand forced women to do marginal work at home. The urban and industrial lead was passed from Britain to Germany. demographics/ population patterns Dramatic population increases after 1870. Prices of food and manufactured goods declined. There were also lower transportation costs. The period of the depression was from 1873-1895. This period was composed of a series of European economic crises. There was an abundance of grain: Tarrif barries; machines for harvesting In 1850-1910, THe population grew to 460 million. There was a rising birthrate and also a decline in deathrate Emigration: Excess rural labor migrates to industrial regions. Emigration is about 500 thousand a year. There was improved nutrition because food was transported to poor harvest regions. 2. Social Changes Due to Industrialization Work/School Play/Leisure Mass Society Upper Class This elite was composed of people with the jobs of aristocrats, bankers, merchants, and industrialists. There were elites schools dominated by the children of the aristocracy. The educated elite got leadership roles in government and military. There were pleasures of country living and the aristocrats bought lavish town houses for part-time urban life. Common bonds were made when the sons of wealth families met during school or other meetings. The aristocrats and the plutocrats fused together to one class. The mass education was a product of mass society. To be educated, one had to attend a secondary school or university. European states showed little interest in primary education. Only in the German states was there a  state-run system for it. Europeans made a commitment to mass education becase they believed education was imprtant to social improvement and thought to supplant catholic education with moral training on secular values. Mass Leisure: The new industrial system where evening hours after work, weekends, and later a week or two in the summer. Leisure was the opposite of work; What people did in their free time or for fun Mass tourism: Creation of the first market for tourism. Its wages increased and workers were given paid vacations. One result of mass education was an increase in literacy. With the dramatic increase in literacy, there was also a rise of mass-circulation newspapers. Mass politics became a reality in western European states. Reforms encouraged the expansion of political democracy through voting rights for men. Middle Class This class was a level that included jobs such as professionals in law, medicine, and the civil service as well as moderately well-to-do industrialists and merchants. After the industrial expansion, new groups of jobs were added such as managers, new professionals, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists. The lower middle class jobs consisted of shopkeepers, traders, manufacturers, and prosperous peasants provided The moderately prosperous and successful middle class shared similar lifestyles and values than the others that dominated 19th century society. The middle class members were active in preaching their world view to children and other society classes. They believed in working hard and christian morality. They had a right way of doing things and propriety. This also gave rise to more books. Lower Class The majority of the lwoerclass were landholding peasants, agricultural laborers, or sharecroppers. There were some prosperous landowning peasants that shared the same values as low middle class. The lower class consisted of the urban working class: Artisans, printing, jewlry making, and semiskilled laborers who included: Carpenters, bricklayers, and MANY factory workers The lower class of urban workers experienced a real betterment in the material conditions of their lives after 1871. Urban improvements meant better living conditions. There was also a rise in wages, then a decline in  consumer costs. This made it possible for workers to buy more than just the necessity food and housing. Workers were now permitted to buy more clothes and leisure that strikes and labor agitation were winning shorter workdays and Days off. Women’s Roles The second industrial revolution brought and enourmous impact on the position of women in the labor market. There was controversy of women for their right to work. The desperate need for money forced women to do marginal work. This work was done at home because it required little skill. A women was expected to nurture and care for children while ensuring the moral/physical well being of the family. Many lower class women were forced to be prostitutes. There were as many as 60k prostitutes in London. Many new job opportunities for women. 3. New Inventions invention its effects and applications Chemicals Electricity The internal Combustion Engine Tarrifs and Cartels A change in the method of making soda enabled France and Germany to take the lead in producing the alkalies used in the textile, soap, and paper industries. Laboratories overtook British in the development of new chemical compounds Electricity was a major new form of energy that provided great value since it was easily converted into other energy forms such as heat, light, and motion. The first generators were developed in 1881 The development of the combustion engine was made in 1878. This ran on gas and air. It was unsuitable for widespread use as a source of power until the development of liquid fuels- petroleum and its distilled derivatives. An oil  fired engine was made in 1897. The hamburg Amerika Line had switched from coal to oil on its new ocean liners. There was increased competition for free trade. protective tariffs guaranteed domestic markets for the products of their own industries. AFter a decade, Europeans returned to protective tarif protections. Cartels were being formed to decrease competition internally/ A cartel is where enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas, restraining the kind of competition that led to reduced prices.

Edward Morgan Forsters A Room With A View to James Ivory

Edward Morgan Forsters A Room With A View to James Ivory Table of Contents Introduction The Author (Edward Morgan Forster) and Director (James Ivory) Plot Summary Intersemiotic Translation of The Novel Major changes in the plot structure Characters in the movie and the novel Production (lighting/ camera/ music/ casting ) Themes Conclusion References Introduction Adapting a literary work into film is a process of translating the literary text into a visual text. In On Linguistic Aspects of Translation Roman Jakobson distinguishes three kinds of translation: intralingual (or rewording), interlingual (or translation proper) and intersemiotic translation (or transmutation). Intralingual translation involves the interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language whereas interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. The third category, intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of non verbal sign systems . In Roman Jakobsons classification, intersemiotic translation includes adaptation of literary works into film. Jakobson specifically mentions cinema as one of the intersemiotic options for translating the untranslatable and writes that only creative transposition is possible. Jakobsons concept of intersemiotic transposition from one system of signs into another, for instance from verbal art into music, dance, cinema or painting allows us to consider film adaptations within the realm of intertextuality as intersemiotic translation of words into film images. Julie Sanders in Adaptation and Appropriation also defines adaptation as a specific process involving the transition from one genre to another: novels into film; drama into musical; dramatization of prose narratives and prose fiction; or the inverse movement of making drama into prose narrative. Since, film as an art has close relation to literature in its use of plot, characters, setting, dialogue and imagery, its strategies of expression and its tendency to manipulate space and time; one of the most seen kind of intersemiotic translation would be a literary work into film. In this paper, the novel A Room With A View and its intersemiotic translation example, the movie with the same title will be discussed. Since the novel adapted twice to screen, t is necessary to make it clear that this study deals with Merchant- Ivory movie in 1985 in terms of the effects of the author and the director on both the source and the translation; a small plot summary will be provided to give an insigh t to literary work and plot structure of the novel, and intersemiotic translation will be evaluated through plot structure, characters in the movie, technicalities such as casting, production design, music and camera; themes in the literary work. II. The Author and The Director Edward Morgan Forster (1 January 1879 7 June 1970) Edward Morgan Forster was a novelist and short story writer. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. It is notably apparent that Forsters work always includes a part of his life once you learn about Forsters life story. In 1897 he went to Kings College, Cambridge where he found congenial friends, the atmosphere of free intellectual discussion and an emphasis on the importance of personal relationships. During his time at Cambridge he also began to write fiction. He started questioning his inherited conventional Christian morality and learned about secular humanism, which appears at the heart of his work. The pursuit of personal connections in spite of the constraints of contemporary society has a profound influence on most of his work such as A Room With A View. After leaving Cambridge, he travelled in Europe and Asia including Italy, Greece, Germany, India and Egypt. His stay at a Florence pension helped him with the setting of A Room with a View in a similar establishment. Traveling experience developed Forsters cosmopolitanism and his interest in foreign cultures, reflected in A Passage to India and A Room with a View. It may also account for the sexual frustration in some of his books that he had troubles to come to terms with his homosexuality due to contemporary restrictions. In the following chapter, it will be explained shortly how it changed the cinematography in the movie, A Room With A View. Forster had five novels published in his lifetime and achieved his greatest success with A Passage to India (1924) which is about the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. He is also noted for his use of symbolism as a technique in his novels as can be seen in this relevant novel. His other works include Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), The Longest Journey (1907), A Room with a View (1908). James Ivory (born June 7, 1928) James Francis Ivory (born June 7, 1928) is an American film director. III. Plot Summary Lucy Honeychurch, a young English woman, is vacationing with her cousin, Charlotte Bartlett at an Italian pension for British guests. They are vacationing in Florence, Italy together. While complaining about the poor views of their room, Lucy and Charlotte are interrupted by another guest, an old man called Mr. Emerson. Mr. Emerson offers them a room swap because he and his son George are both in rooms that present beautiful views of Florence. Charlotte refuses since for a woman to accept such an offer from a man would make her look like she owes something to him. But later that evening, Charlotte accepts the offer. Emersons are socially unacceptable by the snobbish standards of the other guests but Lucy likes them. One day, while Lucy is walking alone in Florence, she witnesses a murder. George happens to be there as well and he catches her when she faints. Later that week, they ride into the hills near Florence with other guests. While others wandering around the hills, Lucy finds herself alone. She comes to an earth terrace covered with violets, and finds herself face-to-face with George. He kisses her, but the kiss is interrupted by Charlotte. Part 2 beginning after several months takes the reader to Windy Corner, the Honeychurch home in Surrey, England. In Rome, Lucy has spent a good deal of time with a man named Cecil Vyse. In Italy, Cecil has proposed to Lucy twice. She has rejected him both times. As Part 2 begins, Cecil is proposing yet again. This time, she accepts. Cecil, an aristocratic Londoner, despises the ways of the country upper circle. At Charlottes request, she has never told anyone about her kiss with George. But before too long, the Emersons move into a villa not far from Windy Corner. She continues her engagement to Cecil even though to the reader, it is obvious that they are completely unsuitable for each other. Lucy persists in the engagement. Freddy invites George to come play tennis. Lucy gets nervous about what might happen. Cecil refuses to play tennis and reads aloud from a bad British novel. Lucy realizes that the novel is written by Miss Lavish, a woman from their pension in Florence. Cecil reads a particular passage, which is a fictional recreation of her kiss with George. She realizes that Charlotte told Miss Lavish what happened. George is there during the reading of the passage. On the way back to the house, George catches Lucy alone in the garden and kisses her again. Afterwards, having Charlotte sit in the room as support and witness Lucy orders George never to return to Windy Corner. George argues with her passionately. He tells her that Cecil is unsuitable for her and that Cecil will never love her enough to want her to be independent. George loves her for who she is. Lucy is shaken by his words but she stands firm. George leaves, heartbroken. Later, something makes Lucy see him truthfully for the first time. She breaks off the engagement that very night. But Lucy still cannot admit to anyone, including herself, her feelings for George. Rather than stay at Windy Corner and face George, she resolves to leave for Greece. But one day not long before she is supposed to leave, she goes to church with her mother and Charlotte and meets Mr. Emerson in the ministers study. Mr. Emerson does not know that Lucy has broken off the engagement, but Lucy realizes before long that she cannot lie to the old man. She talks with him, and Mr. Emerson realizes that she has deep feelings for George. He presses the issue, forcing her to confront her own feelings. Finally, she admits that she has been fighting her love for George all along. The novel closes in Florence, where George and Lucy are spending their honeymoon. Lucy has eloped with George. Even though Lucy does not have her familys consent and it seems difficult to fix her situation with the family, there is still hope that it will get better. George and Lucy have each other now. IV. Intersemiotic Translation of the Novel Major changes in the plot structure A novel is completely a product of its writer; however, a movie is created with cooperation between the crew and the director. There are many factors that can change the movie such as screenwriters, art directors, producers, etc. For this reason, it is necessary to remember that a movie cannot be fully faithful to a novel (in the case of book to film intersemiotic translations) in order to make sense of the shifts in translations. Considering movies only last for a few hours, any attempt to include every detail of a novel in the translation (movie) would be futile. Nevertheless, visual and auditory elements help directors a good deal to reflect many details in a book; sometimes resulting in a better version of our imagination thanks to production and director. In order to create the best version of the translation, the director may omit the parts and/or add some other features to the characters or new events to the plot. During the process of this work, the crew and the director face constraints resulting from the novel or the style of the author. As mentioned earlier in Introduction, A Room with a View was adapted for the screen twice, in 1985 and again in 2007. The first film is a 117-minute British production directed by James Ivory, starring Helena Bonham Carter as Lucy, Julian Sands as George, Maggie Smith as Charlotte, Daniel Day-Lewis as Cecil. In this paper, the movie shot in 1985 is being discussed in terms of the relation between the novel of Forster. The screenplay of the movie was written by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, who brought the movie one of its three Oscars in 1986, and it follows closely the original storyline. There are only a few major changes in the plot structure of A Room With A View such as Cecil disappearing from the chapter in Italy completely, the relation between Lucy and music, and the ending. The constraints that the director, Ivory and the screenwriter, Jhabvala faced are derived from Forsters notable symbolism. Even though Forster can make a well-balanced structure to imply the symbolism in little details in the book, it is almost impossible to render all the symbolisms. Thats why, director and screenwriter decided to make some omissions and changes in the plot. However, the film follows a classical path of adapting literary works, focusing on the development of the story and being as faithful as possible to the original. The additional elements are there to present in greater detail some aspects only touched by Forster or to emphasize his ideas. The structure of the film is also similar to that of the novel, the story being divided into various parts by Brecht-style intertitl es based on some of the chapters. For instance, there are chapters in the movie named the same as the chapters in the book such as Lying to George (Chapter16). IV. a. 1. Omissions In Chapter VII, it is stated that Lucy meets Cecil Vyse in Rome, and in the following Chapter VIII, characters talk about how they have met in Rome. Nonetheless, in the movie, Cecil never appears in the first part, shot in Italy. Director and screenwriter decided to remove Cecil character from the first part in order to accentuate the symbolism through settings because Forster make the readers compare medieval to renaissance, England to Italy through Cecil and George. Due to time constraints, Cecil has been omitted completely from the first part of the movie. Secondly, the film interprets Georges kiss on the hills near Fiesole as a romantic kiss on the lips. Describing the scene, Forster writes simply that he kissed her (Chapter VI), but he suggests later on that George kissed her on the cheek (Chapters XI, XIII as understood by that touch of lips on her cheek-and Chapter XV). The last omission is about the relationship between Lucy and music. Forster addresses matters such as separation and connection in his fiction often approaching fragmentation through the lens of art. In Art for Arts Sake (1949), he notes that society can only represent a fragment of the human spirità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦another fragment can only get expressed through art. Forster renders music as a symbol for Lucys growth in time. Beethoven, Schumann and Wagner bring Lucy closer to her inexperienced social self with her sophisticated and intuitive musical self. These composers help Lucy develop from a girl who plays it safe and follows the rules of society as Beethoven might have done in his early period into a free-thinking and independent young woman who marries for love against the grain of her social class. Even though in the book, Lucy plays piano often; she plays only three times in the movie. Plot has adjusted due to time constraints but it includes Beethovens Sonata No. 21 Waldste in, Mozarts Sonata No. 8 and Schuberts Sonata No. 4. Every single composer describes a part of Lucys life. It can be concluded that even though there has been omission, the songs and the composers are chosen wisely to reflect the symbolism. IV. a. 2. Additions Although they have not caused important shifts in the translation, there are also scenes that are only narrated in the novel and the film chooses to bring on camera. For example: the lemonade episode (in Chapter III), the violets (here in the film they are cornflowers) for the Miss Alans (Chapters III and X), the conversation between Charlotte and George on the road to Fiesole (Chapter VI), Cecils encounter with the Emersons in the National Gallery -in flashback- (Chapter X) and Freddy singing comic songs and annoying Cecil (who does leave the room, Chapter XIII). Changes in the Characterization The development of the story intertwined with the characteristic development of Lucy within English society as she emancipates herself from the societys constraints. In order to highlight this concept in the story, great effort was assigned to present the other characters as complex personalities as Lucy too in a way that is fairly faithful to the novel. The other characters in the film are not just satellites around the heroine so to say; instead, they have clear paths to follow on their own. For this reason, the film adjusts the characters into more complex personas and improves the reflection of the Edwardian period at the time with relation to their human side. For example, in the Chapter XVII: Lying to Cecil where Lucy breaks off her engagement to Cecil, Cecil seems more typical of Victorian Era. Denying Lucy claiming that she does not mean what she says, Cecil is a simple example of the medieval. However, Cecil in the movie is saddened at the moment Lucy breaks off the engageme nt. It is more likely to see the human part of the character in the film. Moreover, the Edwardian society is also well illustrated, by keeping Forsters critical view of it through some kind of stock characters such as the intellectual woman (Eleanor Lavish), the maiden gentlewomen (the Miss Alans), the free-thinker (Mr Emerson), the prim chaperon (Charlotte Bartlett), the snob (Cecil Vyse), etc.Another difference is that the film does even more than Forster to show that this is also Georges story instead of focusing on Lucy more. It brings on screen episodes that in the novel are just stories told by other characters about him, and gives George more time on the camera. We see his free spirit, his affection for his father, and even his love for Lucy and the effect that it has on him in the film. However, Georges socialist part as mentioned in the first chapter of the book is not include in the movie. It is reflected rather as an ideal. Technicalities IV. c. 1. Production A Room With A View is a product of a collaboration of producer Ismail Merchant and the director, James Ivory, now referred as Merchant- Ivory. Merchant-Ivorys gift was recognizing which masterpieces of world literature would be translated well and provide material that can actually be photographed in addition to superlative prose (which cannot). A Room With A View was ideal with its clash between propriety and passion. The film won Oscar, BAFTA and several significant awards in 1987 and had many nominations as well. The collaboration of Merchant- Ivory reached to its peak with the movie. The screenwriter, Jhabvala, the talented third member of the Merchant / Ivory team did a magnificent adaptation of the novel by being very faithful to Forsters novel and winning the Oscar for the best Screenplay Adapted From Other Material. The movie also won the best Costume Design in Oscar Awards and became a landmark in the rise of the British costume movie. The clothes and the hairstyle of the characters are smart, elegant and proper; indicating the importance of decorum and also stressing the differences of class visually. As an example, Cecils and the Emersons clothes in the National Gallery vary from one another as in their classes, and also the differences of official and high society moments (the engagement party or the dinner party at the Vyses) and leisure activities of lower class such as playing tennis, which require comfortable clothes and between day activities and dinner time. Vincent Canby praised the collaboration of the trio in New York Times Movie Review as follows: As theyve been doing now for over 20 years, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, who wrote the screenplay for A Room With a View; James Ivory, who directed it, and Ismail Merchant, the producer, have created an exceptionally faithful, ebullient screen equivalent to a literary work that lesser talents would embalm. IV. c. 2. Lighting and Camera Lighting plays a significant role in the production as well. As title gives a hint, A Room With A view is the contradiction between being inside or outside. In order to emphasize it, the scenes indoors have a low lighting to have a gloomy setting as in the mindset of the characters. Director also uses curtains in the film to stress symbolic conflict between indoors and outdoors as in the book with a low lighting. They protect the furniture and characters from the sun so that they will not get older easily. IV. c. 3. Soundtracks Soundtracks are significantly effective so as to take the audience to Italy in the first part of the movie. Most of the soundtracks were composed by Richard Robbins, an American composer. Since music is also an important theme in the novel, soundtracks plays an important role to understand the development of Lucys character, from a girl into a woman who can stand up to the contemporary constraints. For example, the aria Chi il Bel Sogno di Doretta from Puccinis La Rondineone plays in the background of an important scene, quiet a turning point, to understand the movie where George kisses Lucy for the first time. IV. c. 4. Casting The cast is one of the best parts of the film. Many of the actors were quiet young and at the beginning of their career. Critic Vincent Canby wrote in 1986: Miss Bonham Carter gives a remarkably complex performance of a young woman who is simultaneously reasonable and romantic, generous and selfish, and timid right up to the point where she takes a heedless plunge into the unknown. A Room With a View has many rich roles, perfectly acted by a cast made up of both newcomers and familiar performers like Maggie Smith and Denholm Elliott. Themes Propriety and Passion The conflict between contemporary social rules and passion is a central theme of the novel. Lucys match with George is completely unacceptable by social standards. But it is the only match that could make her happy. Her match with Cecil is far more traditional; however, marriage to Cecil would destroy Lucys spirit. The Emersons are unconventional people, far from propriety. Mr. Emerson speaks with great feeling about the importance of passion and the beauty of the human body. The British characters of the novel have very strong ideas about the need to repress passion and control young girls. To achieve happiness, Lucy has to learn to appreciate her own desires and fight these standards, many of which she has internalized. As one of the central themes in novel, the conflict of propriety and passion is a significant themes in the movie as well. Director adjusted the ending as a pà ¼re happy ending in the film even though it is a bittersweet end in the novel to accentuate the contrast. Society and Changing Social Norms: The novel takes place at a transitional moment in British society, as the strict social manners, class hierarchy, and codes of behavior typical of the Victorian period give way to the freedom and liberality of modernity in the 20th century. This results in numerous tensions between new and old ways of thinking and doing things, evident in the contrast between young and old characters. Lucy, for example, has very different ideas about proper behaviour for a lady than does Charlotte or Mrs. Honeychurch. Lucy wants to move away from strict social hierarchies, prejudiced snobbery against the lower classes, and patronizing, sexist attitudes toward women in contrast to Mrs Honeychurch or Mrs. Vyse, who cares so much about maintaining traditional social norms. The casting and the production design play a significant role in transferring this theme to movie. Also a lot of contrasts such as inside and outside or England and Italy show the differences of Victorian and Edwardian Eras thanks to symbolism as well. The beautiful and the delicate Lucy asks in the first chapter if beauty and delicacy are really synonyms. Even though Charletto believes that they are, Lucy is decisive to learn the answer by herself. One of Lucys important lessons is that beauty does not need be refined and anything beautiful in the gesture of kindness may not be appropriate. Lucy learns to see beauty in things that her society finds impropriate or condemns. The film also seeks to represents the difference of the two concepts. V. Conclusion As mentioned above, the film adaptations of the literature works can be analysed as a kind of translation, which takes place between two different media. Unlike written translation, this inter-semiotic translation, or film adaptation, cannot be carried out by rendering each word or phrase into the screen. Therefore, these translations cannot be criticized as just good or bad. The aspects and some specific details such as music, lighting, directing or production design can add so much to the movie whereas these items are left to the readers imagination in a novel. There are several other elements that affect the process of adaptation into the screen, like directors interpretation, the audiences expectation, time restriction, technology, etc. E. M. Forster never wanted his literary works to be adapted into a film till his last days when he allowed the adaptations. He was worried that the essence of his book will disappear through a translation. Considering how common it is for the reader to not be pleased with the film adaptations of the books in general, A Room With A View has been a huge success in terms of audience reactions. Thanks to the talented screenwriter, the plot has been very faithful to the novel with the method of a traditional translation mostly keeping the details of the literary work, and the director put so much effort so as to keep most of the symbols in the whole book such as indoors and outdoors, or Italy and England, or nature, or music while the work of production design was awarded due to its undeniable effect in the course of the movie rendering the translation at its best. The movie is considered as a quite faithful translation of Forsters book both by critics and the reader. References Canby, Vincent. THE SCREEN: ROOM WITH A VIEW. Nytimes, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Forster, E. M. A Room With A View. London: Penguin English Library, 2012. Forster, E. M. Art for Arts Sake. Harpers Magazine (1949): 31-34. Http://www.unz.org/Pub/Harpers-1949aug. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. E.M. Forsters A Room With A View. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Merchant. 1985. DVD. Raicu, Elena. A Room with Two Views: An Insight into the 1985 and 2007 Film Adaptations of E. M. Forsters Novel. Raicu, Elena. Presses Universitaires De La Mà ©diterranà ©e, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016. Jakobson, R. (1950). On Linguistic Aspects of Translation. In L. Venuti, (1st ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 113- 118). New York: Routledge. Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. London: Routledge, 2006.